洗衣液的技术现状、问题及未来前景

一、洗衣液产品市场现状

讲到洗衣液，难免会与洗衣粉做对比，其实洗衣粉和洗衣液没有可比性，它们的差异实在是太大了，比如洗衣液安全性更高、功效更多，以及生产成本更低、使用更方便等。自从2008年底国内洗衣液市场被引爆后，过去十多年来，在国家支持、 各大洗衣液生产商的宣传下，洗衣液以其优越的性能逐渐被消费者认可，国内洗衣液市场每年以20~30%速度快速增长，已成为继洗衣粉之后的第二大洗衣产品，洗衣粉和洗衣液的市场是此消彼长的关系，未来洗衣液替代洗衣粉将是不可逆转的趋势。

二、洗衣液技术现状

有很多关于洗衣液技术的参考书和网上资料，大家能很方便就能找到相关技术信息，因此在此不展开讨论洗衣液配方。总的来说，市面上洗衣液的成分基本上由以下几个部分组成：

 水：这是洗衣液中含量最多的成分，故有人开玩笑说洗衣液主要是在卖水。

 表面活性剂：这是洗衣液的去污的核心成分，目前共有几百种表面活性剂（包括正在研究中的表面活性剂），但实际上能用于洗衣液中的表面活性剂只有几十种，配方师的主要工作是从中选择几种表面活性剂进行反复调配，以达到满足产品性能和成本要求。

 助剂：包括增溶剂、溶剂、pH值调节剂、增稠剂等。

 功能性成分：除菌剂、祛味剂、柔顺剂、植物提取液等。

 其它：防腐剂、香精、色素等。

三、洗衣液的标准问题

1、洗衣液行业标准问题

目前洗衣液市场上的产品质量良莠不齐，虽然有一个行业标准：QB/T1224-2012《衣料用液体洗涤剂》，大家可行百度下载学习。对于这个标准，我总结为8个字：“食之无味，弃之可惜”。具体解释是，这个标准的要求太低，执行该标准的话，似乎降低了产品档次；如果不用该标准的话，不但国家法律又不允许，而且不利于产品宣传。具体原因分析如下：

首先，国家标准洗衣液对去污力要求很低，根据目前去污力的要求，有的洗衣液配方（活性物含量为7%）就能达到国家标准洗衣液（活性物含量为15%）的去污力。这导致很多生产商在介绍产品时，宣称其洗衣液能达到国标洗衣液的“8倍洁净力”、“10倍洁净力”，甚至更夸张地宣传“16倍洁净力”。

其次，该标准中的去污力指标不能反应出实际洗衣的清洁效果，主要表现在：该标准对去污力评估没有代表性，仅针对碳黑油污渍、蛋白污渍和皮脂污渍有评价方法，对生活中的脂肪污渍、淀粉污渍、色素污渍等没有评价手段。

其次，该标准中的去污力指标不能反应出实际洗衣的清洁效果，主要表现在：该标准对去污力评估没有代表性，仅针对碳黑油污渍、蛋白污渍和皮脂污渍有评价方法，对生活中的脂肪污渍、淀粉污渍、色素污渍等没有评价手段。

为什么洗衣液的标准一直是行业标准，而没有升级为国家标准，估计跟该标准的技术要求低有很大关系，在此也呼吁洗衣液标准制定部门，早日完善该标准，以提高标准技术含量和提高技术门槛，以提高洗衣液的品质。

2、洗衣液企业标准问题

国家法律规定：鼓励建立比行业标准更严格的企业标准（注意法律是“鼓励”，而不是“必须”），很多大品牌的洗衣液生产商为此建立了更严格、技术含量更高的产品标准，把产品品质做的更好，这是我们鼓励的方向。但是也有众多小品牌洗衣液生产商，为了降低洗衣液配方成本，从而降低洗衣液中活性物含量（活性物是洗衣液中最重要的成分），其洗衣液企业标准中，活性物含量仅为10%，甚至仅为6%（行业标准中活性物含量不低于15%），这给生产商带来的利益是，直接能降低了洗衣液的配方成本，但却极大地降低了洗衣液的品质。这种低成本、技术含量低的洗衣液，直接拉低了洗衣液行业准入的门槛。在此呼吁政府审核企业标准时，对技术指标要从严要求。

总之，我们在研究洗衣液配方时，必须牢记：（1）配方性能要远高于行业标准QB/T1224-2012《衣料用液体洗涤剂》的要求，否则就称不上是一个好的洗衣液配方；（2）根据该标准测定的去污力强的洗衣液，真实洗衣时其清洁力不一定最佳。

四、洗衣液未来技术发展方向

什么是好的洗衣液？消费者对于好的洗衣液的有什么期待？这就代表了洗衣液技术的未来发展方向，我想主要包括以下几个方面：

1、浓缩化。浓缩化的洗衣液对国家、生产商、消费者都非常有利，随着消费者观念和习惯的转变，浓缩化洗衣液一定会有极大的发展。

2、去污力强。去污力是洗衣液最重要和最基本的技术指标，开发去污力强的产品是每个配方师研发的重点，包括新型表面活性剂的调配、新型洗涤助剂的选择等。

3、低泡易漂洗。消费者已经开始转变了“泡沫高去污力强”的传统错误观点，在去污力强的前提下，低泡易漂洗已经成为洗衣液研究的热点，这将给消费者带来省水省电，洗后不易残留等优点。

4、温和安全。消费者对安全的追求永无止境，包括，首先，选用安全的原材料，不要用有安全风险的原材料，其次，在使用洗衣液时，要求对皮肤的刺激性低，不伤害衣服材质。

5、低粘度。传统观念认为：“液体越粘稠就越有料”，现状越来越多的消费者已经转变这种传统观念，同上高粘度存在很多缺点，如不易溶解，不易控制用量，比如冬天时，很难倒出来，用盖子量取倒不干净，用完后瓶子里残留很多等等，低粘度就不存在这些问题。因此，要求降低洗衣液的粘稠度将会成为热门。

6、多功能。洗衣液除了清洁去污，还能追加很多其它的功效，比如除菌、祛味、柔顺、持久留香等，这些都是提升产品品质的卖点。

7、保护生态资源。包括可再生资源来源的原料、洗衣液使用后排放不污染环境等。坦率地说，以前消费者很不关心这一点，以为环境影响不关自己的事，是政府、是社会的事，但随着社会发展和个人意识提升，越来越多的人开始关注这一问题。

Technical status, problems and future prospects of laundry detergent

First, detergent product market status

When it comes to laundry detergent, it will inevitably be compared with laundry detergent, in fact, laundry detergent and laundry detergent are not comparable, their differences are too great, such as laundry detergent safety is higher, more effective, and the production cost is lower, more convenient to use. Since the domestic laundry detergent market was detonated at the end of 2008, over the past decade, under the propaganda of the state-supported laundry detergent manufacturers, laundry detergent has gradually been recognized by consumers with its superior performance, and the domestic laundry detergent market has grown rapidly at a rate of 20-30% per year, and has become the second largest laundry product after laundry powder. The market of laundry detergent and laundry detergent is the relationship between the ebb and flow, and the future replacement of laundry detergent will be an irreversible trend.

Second, washing liquid technology status

There are many reference books and online materials on laundry detergent technology, and you can easily find relevant technical information, so we will not discuss laundry detergent formula here. In general, the composition of laundry detergent on the market is basically composed of the following parts:

 water: This is the most abundant ingredient in laundry detergent, so some people joke that laundry detergent is mainly selling water.

 surfactant: This is the core ingredient of detergent decontamination. At present, there are hundreds of surfactants (including surfactants under research), but in fact, there are only dozens of surfactants that can be used in detergent. The main job of the formulator is to select several surfactants for repeated preparation to meet the requirements of product performance and cost.

 Auxiliaries: including solubilizer, solvent, pH regulator, thickener and so on.

 Functional ingredients: bactericidal agent, odor removal agent, softening agent, plant extract, etc.

 Other: preservatives, flavors, colors, etc.

Third, the standard problem of laundry detergent

1, laundry detergent industry standards

At present, the quality of laundry detergent products on the market is uneven, although there is an industry standard: QB/T1224-2012 "Liquid detergent for clothing", we can download Baidu to learn. For this standard, I summed up in eight words: "Food tasteless, discard a pity." The specific explanation is that the requirements of this standard are too low, and the implementation of this standard seems to reduce the grade of the product; If the standard is not used, it is not only not allowed by national laws, but also not conducive to product publicity. The specific reasons are as follows:

First of all, the national standard laundry detergent has very low detergency requirements, according to the current detergency requirements, some laundry detergent formulations (active substance content of 7%) can meet the national standard laundry detergent (active substance content of 15%) detergency. This has led many manufacturers to introduce their products, claiming that their laundry detergent can

reach the national standard laundry detergent "8 times the clean power", "10 times the clean power", and even more exaggerated propaganda "16 times the clean power".

Secondly, the detergents index in the standard can not reflect the actual cleaning effect of laundry, mainly in the following aspects: the standard is not representative of the detergents evaluation, only for carbon black oil stains, protein stains and sebum stains have evaluation methods, for life fat stains, starch stains, pigment stains and other evaluation methods.

Secondly, the detergents index in the standard can not reflect the actual cleaning effect of laundry, mainly in the following aspects: the standard is not representative of the detergents evaluation, only for carbon black oil stains, protein stains and sebum stains have evaluation methods, for life fat stains, starch stains, pigment stains and other evaluation methods.

Why the standard of laundry detergent has been the industry standard, and has not been upgraded to the national standard, it is estimated that the low technical requirements of the standard have a lot to do with this, and this also calls on the laundry detergent standard formulation department to improve the standard as soon as possible, in order to improve the standard technical content and improve the technical threshold, in order to improve the quality of laundry detergent.

2, laundry detergent enterprise standards

National laws and regulations: encourage the establishment of more stringent enterprise standards than the industry standard (note that the law is "encourage", not "must"), many large brands of laundry detergent manufacturers to establish more stringent, higher technical product standards, the product quality to do better, this is the direction we encourage. However, there are also many small brand laundry detergent manufacturers, in order to reduce the cost of laundry detergent formula, thereby reducing the active substance content in laundry detergent (active substance is the most important ingredient in laundry detergent), the laundry detergent enterprise standard, the active substance content is only 10%, or even only 6% (the active substance content in the industry standard is not less than 15%), which brings benefits to the manufacturer. It can directly reduce the formula cost of laundry detergent, but greatly reduce the quality of laundry detergent. This low-cost, low-tech laundry detergent directly lowers the threshold for access to the laundry detergent industry. In this call on the government to review enterprise standards, strict requirements for technical indicators.

In short, when we study the formula of laundry detergent, we must keep in mind: (1) the formula performance should be much higher than the industry standard QB/T1224-2012 "liquid detergent for clothing" requirements, otherwise it is not a good laundry detergent formula; (2) The detergent with strong detergency determined according to the standard may not have the best cleaning power during real laundry.

Fourth, the future technology development direction of laundry detergent

What is a good laundry detergent? What do consumers expect from a good laundry detergent? This represents the future development direction of laundry detergent technology, which mainly includes the following aspects:

1. Concentration. Concentrated laundry detergent is very beneficial to the country, manufacturers and consumers, and with the change of consumer concepts and habits, concentrated laundry detergent will certainly have great development.

2. Strong detergency. Detergency is the most important and basic technical index of laundry detergent, and the development of detergency products is the focus of each formulator's research and development, including the deployment of new surfactants and the selection of new washing auxiliaries.

3, low bubble easy to rinse. Consumers have begun to change the traditional wrong view of "high foam detergency", under the premise of strong detergency, low foam and easy rinsing has become a hot spot in laundry detergent research, which will bring consumers the advantages of saving water and electricity, and not easy to remain after washing.

4. Mild and safe. Consumers' pursuit of safety is endless, including, first of all, the choice of safe raw materials, do not use raw materials with safety risks, and second, when using laundry detergent, it is required to have low irritation to the skin and do not harm the material of the clothing.

5, low viscosity. The traditional idea is that: "the more viscous the liquid, the more material", the status quo more and more consumers have changed this traditional idea, as above, there are many disadvantages of high viscosity, such as not easy to dissolve, not easy to control the amount, such as winter, it is difficult to pour out, use the cap to take the amount is not clean, a lot of residue in the bottle after use, and so on, low viscosity does not exist these problems. Therefore, the requirement to reduce the viscosity of laundry detergent will become popular.

6, multi-functional. In addition to cleaning and decontamination, laundry detergent can also add many other effects, such as bacteria removal, flavor removal, flexibility, lasting fragrance, etc., which are the selling points to improve product quality.

7. Protect ecological resources. Including renewable resource sources of raw materials, laundry detergent after the use of discharge does not pollute the environment. Frankly speaking, in the past, consumers did not care about this point, thinking that environmental impact was not their business, but the government's and society's.